Buddhism and the Buddha: An introduction to Buddhism and Buddhist Philosophy

An introduction to Buddhism including the Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana (or Tantric) schools, the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Dharma. You can download this file in Text or .PDF format. For links to other articles, please scroll to the bottom of this page.

There are two main branches of Buddhism with different practices, but they all have some fundamental similarities. They believe that Siddhartha was the son of a powerful king, and that his father brought him up surrounded by all the pleasures of the world, isolated in the palace, so that Siddhartha would never know sorrow. The prince grew up, married, and had a child, always surrounded by luxury.

But one day, the prince rode through the city outside the palace, and he witnessed suffering for the first time. He saw an elderly man, a diseased man, a corpse and a hermit. The first three sights filled him with dread and despair, while the last sight filled him with peace. For the first time he experienced unhappiness and he wondered why.

Siddhartha slipped out of his palace in the middle of the night, leaving behind his wife and son, and became a hermit determined to find the cause of suffering. He met sages and yogis, meditated and contemplated for six years. He performed great austerities in order to understand the path to enlightenment.

After six years of searching, Siddhartha came to the understanding that "unhappiness is the result of desire and attachment to material items." That is when he became known as the Buddha.

The Buddha taught that everything changes in the world, yet desire makes us crave for eternal material pleasures. When the pleasures wither away, we are unhappy. True happiness arrives when one accepts that change is the ultimate reality of the material world, and that nothing lasts forever.

The Buddha taught that understanding this led to enlightenment, and that enlightenment is the path to breaking free from samsara or material existence. This breaking free is called nirvana.

The teachings of the Buddha are often referred to as the Dharma, but this is also often translated as the Truth or the Wheel of the Law.

Basic Precepts in Buddhism:

The Buddha did not try to explain whether there was an ultimate God or not, or what the proper rituals and sacrifices were to achieve oneness with God. Instead, he taught that we must strive through our own efforts to achieve liberation from anguish and suffering. The Buddha espoused an easily understood philosophy, based on the Four Noble Truths:

• The first is that all impermanent objects and beings are subject to suffering.
• The second truth is that the arising of suffering comes from our own ignorance and attachment to impermanence.
• The third truth is the realization that there is an end to this suffering and anguish, and that end is the knowledge of the ultimate reality.
• The fourth truth is that the Eightfold Path is the way to achieving this ultimate reality. The Eightfold Path consists of the following:

1. Developing Right View or Right Understanding. This means knowing and understanding the Four Noble Truths.
2. Right Thinking or Right Aim, meaning to strive for Perfect Wisdom, or the understanding of ultimate reality. The goal should be to overcome delusion and achieve freedom of mind.
3. Adhering to Right Speech, meaning to refrain form lying, slander, perjury, or hurtful speech.
4. Right Action. To avoid taking the life of or killing any living creature. To abstain from stealing and sensual or sexual misconduct. To abstain from all hurtful or vengeful acts.
5. The fifth part is Right Living, which means to abstain from all evil ways of living; to abstain from all evil methods of livelihood.
6. Right Effort, which means to conquer all hurtful, vengeful or evil states of mind they may have already arisen, and to develop and maintain good states of mind. Such states of mind would include loving kindness for all beings, compassion and pity for all creatures, sympathetic joy and equanimity.
7. Right Mindfulness. This means to cultivate dispassion, detachment, calm, tranquility, and indifference to all that is impermanent and, thus, not of the ultimate reality. To disregard all that is perceived, remaining dispassionate from both the pleasures as well as the pains arising from the creation of senses and sensuality.
8. The eighth part is Right Concentration, which means to develop one-pointedness of mind through intense meditation and reflection.

Karma

Karma is usually translated as the law of cause and effect. That we suffer at present because of past harmful or spiteful actions. Karma underlines the importance of all individuals being responsible for their past and present actions. When taking actions, it is best to look at what effect this will have on others, and why is it that we are taking these actions.

Wisdom

In Buddhism, wisdom is the experience and understanding of the impermanence of material things and that those tat are impermanent are not a part of the ultimate reality. Buddhism strives to balance both wisdom and compassion.

Compassion

In Buddhism, Compassion means to strive for an understanding that all beings are in a situation similar to ours, and that we should thus be ready to sympathize and provide caring. By using wisdom to understand the true nature of ourselves, we can better use compassion to understand the true nature of others.

The Two Main Branches of Buddhism:

As mentioned above, both of the major branches of Buddhism believe in the above story of prince Siddhartha reaching enlightenment. However, they vary in the role of this in the grand Buddhist cosmos. The two major branches are Theravada (meaning "Path of the Elders"), and Mahayana (meaning "Great Vehicle").

Theravada Buddhism is practiced in Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and other parts of South East Asia. It is often called Southern Buddhism because of the path it took through Southern India to Southeast Asia. This system remains true to the original teachings of Prince Siddhartha, (also known as Sakyamuni Gautama Buddha), that are found in the Pali scriptures. The Four Noble Truths and the Eight-Fold Path are the main focus of the school.

They believe that the Buddha was a man who liberated himself through meditation and contemplation. They look upon him as a teacher as opposed to a deity, and so images of the Buddha in these lands are revered or venerated, not worshipped. In this system, each individual must strive to liberate oneself through enlightened actions. Neither gods nor magic spells can assist the process.

The Mahayana school is known as the Greater Vehicle because it incorporates many of the concepts found in Hinduism and in the original Tibetan religious beliefs. It is practiced in East Asia, especially in Tibet, China and Japan. It reached these lands via Central Asia.

This system introduced new metaphysical concepts such as the notion of "nothingness" or "sunya" through Sanskrit scriptures written by scholars such as Nagarjuna, Asanga, Vasubandhu and Asvaghosha. Hsuan-tsang of China visited India in search of these texts which were then translated into Chinese and Japanese.

This system also introduced the concept of Bodhisattva and the goddess called Tara. People no longer had to take up difficult vows to attain 'nirvana'; they could simply earn merits and liberate themselves by worshipping Bodhisattvas who, in their infinite compassion, worked for human welfare.

Buddhism in Thailand:

The Thai form of Buddhism is sometimes called Lankavamsa (meaning Singhalese or Sri Lankan lineage) because it was introduced to the 13th century Sukhothai Kingdom by monks from Sri Lanka. This form of Buddhism grew as the Sukhothai Kingdom expanded over Northern and Central Thailand.

However, Ayuthaya in central Thailand grew into a pwerful kingdom, and eventually annexed Sukhothai in 1376. The Thai Kings of Ayuthaya made conquests over areas of central Thailand formerly held by the Khmer Empire, which had been practicing a blend of Buddhism and Hinduism much more akin to Mahayana Buddhism than to the Sri Lankan form. The Ayuthaya kings incorporated many of these beliefs into the Buddhism they had inherited from Sukhothai. This has had a lasting effect on Thai Buddhism to this day.

It is ironic to note that during Dutch persecution in Sri Lanka during the 18th century, the ordination lineage of monks there broke down. It was Thailand (then known as Siam) that restored the Sangha (brotherhood of monks) in Sri Lanka. Hence, the main sect of Buddhism in Sri Lanka is known as Siam Nikaya (meaning Siam Sect)

One very interesting thing about Buddhism in Thailand is that although the King and Royal family are Buddhists, Royal Ceremonies are actually performed according to HINDU tradtion, not Buddhist tradition, with Brahmin monks presiding over the ceremonies. There is indeed a family of Brahmins that live in Bangkok for the primary purpose of officiating over these ceremonies and performing rights for the royal family of Thailand. This is primarily due to the originaly belief that the King of Thailand is a worldly incarnation of the Hindu God Vishnu.

Another thing to note is, despite what many people think, Thai Buddhist monks (and most Thai Buddhists) are NOT vegetarians. Indeed, Thai monks are expected to go out in the morning and collect alms from the lay people (which is a way to help lay people make merit to erase their own karma -it is not begging). The monks are then supposed to eat what is given them, feeling neither joy nor sorrow in what food has been placed in their bowl.

Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism:

The Vajrayana system is a sect of Mahayana Buddhism, and represents the occult branch of Buddhism that is today practiced mainly in Tibet and some parts of Bhutan and Nepal.

Also known as Tantric Buddhism, it owes its origin to the scholar Padmasambhava who went to Tibet from Bengal. He assimilated Hinayana and Mahayana doctrines of Buddhism with the pagan Bon religion of Tibet and the occult practices of Tantric Hinduism.

Thus beside meditation and contemplation, Vajrayana also prescribes the visualization of Buddhas passionately embracing their shaktis and the use of ritual diagrams (mandalas), special chants (mantras), specific postures (mudras) and sexual practices (maithuna) to attain enlightenment and liberation.

The idea of these practices is not to indulge the senses. The aim is to experience and understand the fleeting nature of the material world. A true adept or siddha thus becomes fully aware that material existence or 'samsara' is no different from spiritual release or 'nirvana'.

One does not have to run away from the world to be free - one can embrace the material world and still be spiritually free.

This is of course only a very brief description of Tantric Buddhism and the Vajrayana tradition, and we are not trying to imply that we are experts in this field. We do hope that if you are interested in finding out more that you will seek out expert guidance.